Be it razor holders reordering blades at the push of a button or refrigerated containers being monitored on their journey between continents – the IoT (Internet of Things) already connects many things; a trend that seems to be increasing by the day. Who knows how many it will eventually be? According to forecasts, between 200 million and 100 billion devices will be connected through the Internet of Things by 2020 alone. What is certain is that IPv6 has raised the number of supported IP addresses from roughly four billion to over 340 sextillion (a figure with 37 (!) zeros). The supporting pillars are therefore in place. Whoever seeks to build upon them must focus on wireless technology. An overview of current long range IoT solutions is obviously an extremely helpful resource.
Long range IoT wireless technologies form the basis for a LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network). In these types of networks, end devices with low energy consumption – typically sensors – are connected to gateways which transmit data to other devices and network servers. The network devices assess the received data and control the end devices. Accordingly, the protocols are specially designed for long-range capabilities, low-power devices, and reduced operating costs.
Cellular wireless / LTE
For a long time, cellular wireless technologies had a monopoly position in long-range applications which can connect a device directly to the Internet without a gateway. Thanks to the well-established infrastructure of base stations worldwide, end products only require a SIM card to communicate with the cloud. After successful initialization and registration with the network provider, data can be sent and received.
Further development of cellular wireless technologies in the past generally focused on increasing data transmission rates. LTE Advanced, for instance, now enables a transmission rate of up to 3.9Gbps in the downlink and 1.5Gbps in the uplink. However, most things in the IoT do not transmit such huge amounts of data, the majority of them require less than 100bpm. The focus of successful communication technology is therefore on long ranges, reliable communication, and low power consumption for extended battery life. Low data rates obviously have a positive effective on power consumption.
LTE-M
With this aim in mind, 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project), whose scope is to further develop cellular wireless standards (GSM, UMTS, LTE), has created the LTE-M standard. It is also referred to as LTE-MTC (Machine Type Communications). LTE-M transmits in the licensed sub-GHz band at between 700MHz and 900MHz. The downlink and uplink data rates are roughly 1Mbps. The low-power consumption approach should help to extend the battery life of battery-powered end devices up to between 10 and 20 years.
A further positive aspect of LTE-M is the excellent coverage it provides, as LTE-M uses the existing cellular wireless infrastructure. An added advantage for providers is that LTE-M operates on the well-known licensed spectrum. It is, therefore, extremely safe and robust and also ideal for services with high quality requirements. One disadvantage of LTE-M is the high costs for utilizing licensed cellular wireless networks. In this case, each end device requires its own SIM card which results in additional installation and maintenance costs. In addition, there are running expenses which, on average, are significantly higher than those for comparable technologies. Moreover, the current SIM card service for LTE-M is comparatively complicated. Help may be provided in the future by the eSIM card (embedded SIM card). As the name suggests, it is embedded in the end device and can, when swapping provider, be easily reprogrammed without having to open the actual device.
The xE910 family from Telit, for example, is ideal when transitioning to newer cellular wireless generations. Modules for GSM, various UMTS versions, and LTE are currently available, and the manufacturer has already announced modules for LTE-M. Devices can be upgraded efficiently and effectively with the modules thanks to the identical form factor. On top of this, Telit additionally offers added value services, e.g. specific SIM cards and tariffs for industrial applications.
SigFox
SigFox is a tailor-made solution for long ranges (30 – 50 km in rural areas, 3 – 10 km in urban areas), low data rates (12 bytes per message, max. 140 messages a day per end device), and preferably low power operation. SigFox uses the sub-GHz band (868 MHz in Europe) and employs BPSK modulation with ultra-narrowband technology. End devices equipped with SigFox technology transmit data to SigFox base stations which then forward the data to SigFox servers. This is where the data are processed before the results are sent back to the respective end devices for visualization. This means: Data are managed by SigFox on in its own cloud servers.
Unlike LTE, the SigFox infrastructure is still under construction. The company works with large network operators around the globe, although it continues to deploy and operate its own networks in various regions, e.g. in France and the USA. SigFox currently offers service coverage in France, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and the UK. The IoT specialist is further ramping up its rollout plans for Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and the USA: In the USA alone, the French-based company plans to expand from 10 to 50 cities in just six months. Nevertheless, the technology is not yet recommendable for country-wide or international projects.
A SIM card is not required for SigFox. The price depends on how many messages are sent per day and the volume of these messages. Customers generally pay between one and ten euros a year to keep an individual end device active.
Transmitter and transceiver solutions for SigFox are offered, e.g., by Microchip Atmel’s ATA8520 family. SoCs (System on Chip) come with integrated DBPSK modulation and SigFox protocol stack. Their SigFox ID, PAC code, and encryption key are stored and secured inside the chip, safe from extraction. To enhance flexibility, the ATA8520 can be connected to every type of microcontroller. The LE51-868S family from Telit comprises DIP and SMD module solutions that can be plugged and soldered respectively. They operate in the 863 MHz to 870 MHz band with both the Telit proprietary protocol and the SigFox gateway.
LoRa
LoRa is very similar to the SigFox technology: LoRa also uses the sub-GHz band (868 MHz in Europe), achieves similar ranges (up to approx.15 km), and is very economical due to low data rates ranging from 0.3 to 22 kbps. In contrast to SigFox, LoRa utilizes chip spread spectrum technology to flexibly set the ratio between bandwidth and bitrate.
The LoRa Alliance was established in 2015 to standardize and further develop LoRa. Besides the LoRa developer Semtech, numerous chip and module manufacturers, software businesses and network operators are now members of the LoRa Alliance, including, e.g. Microchip and ST Microelectronics. Anyone wanting to equip their end products with LoRa has to pay an annual license fee of $3,000 to the LoRa Alliance. There are no other fees payable on top of this, and LoRa, just like SigFox, does not require a SIM card.
In terms of infrastructure, the situation for both newcomers is about the same: The LoRa Alliance members are working intensively on expanding coverage, particularly in Europe and the USA, but also in large Russian cities. Thanks to an interactive network, each user can help to expand the LoRa infrastructure. And users who do not want to wait for improved coverage can also set up a private network using LoRa technology – if the application enables it.
LoRa module solutions from Microchip are available for both the European (RN2483) and US market (RN2903). The highly integrated modules contain the microcontroller unit, crystal, EUI-64 Node Identity Serial EEPROM, radio transceiver with analog front end, and matching circuitry. For development purposes, the manufacturer offers specific boards and a full gateway development kit.
Neck-and-neck race
Compared to LTE-M, both LoRa and SigFox offer cost benefits: At present, the hardware for a module costs about €10. Added to this is the $3,000 annual license fee for LoRa, while SigFox users can expect to pay between one and ten euros a year for each end device. The hardware costs alone for LTE-M are much higher than those for SigFox and LoRa, and added to this are the running expenses for the SIM cards and the costs for replacement items.
The LoRa and SigFox wireless modules for end devices ensure very low power operation and can transmit over large distances with strong in-building penetration characteristics. The biggest stumbling block for both technologies is, however, the infrastructure, which is still a work in progress.
It has turned into a neck-and-neck race between LoRa and SigFox, and it will be interesting to see who wins – or maybe a new competitor will enter the fray. The ability to allow the creation of private networks is obviously particularly advantageous to LoRa. It might not be suitable for every application, but ensures LoRa a certain degree of independence no matter what the outcome of the race. But data communication using cellular wireless technology continues to offer plenty of opportunities. For instance, Nordic Semiconductor, a leading provider of ultra-low power wireless connectivity, announced the development of the nRF91 series with low power LTE technology in July of this year. The company’s roadmap includes highly integrated solutions for the forthcoming 3GPP release 13 LTE-M and NB-IoT cellular technologies, a brand new type of narrowband communication with “things”.
Author: Schaal Anja, Rutronik
Rutronik | www.rutronik.com
